1. Paper Tube Manufacturing Process Pdf
2. Book Manufacturing Process Pdf
3. Pulp Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf
4. Paper Cone Manufacturing Process Pdf
5. Tnpl Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf
6. Toilet Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf

THE PULP AND PAPER MILL Although there are several chemical and mechani-cal pulping methods used for delignifying wood (table 2-l), separating fibers, and removing discol-oration, all integrated pulp and paper mills involve the same general steps in the manufacture of pulp and paper. These steps include: 1 ) raw material. The Paper Making Process, the fifth technical brochure from Sappi Idea Exchange idea exchange Sappi is committed to helping printers and graphic designers use paper in the best possible way. So we share our knowledge with customers, providing them with samples, specifications, ideas, technical information and a complete range of brochures. Production of Paper Cups, Plates and Boxes Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process. Before entering the paper machine, water is added to the pulp slurry to make a thin mixture normally containing less than 1 percent fiber. The dilute slurry is then cleaned in cyclone cleaners and screened in centrifugal screens before being fed into the ‘‘wet end. of the paper-forming machine. In the paper making process, the dilute stock. Setting up Toilet Paper Rolls, Facial Tissue & Paper Napkins Manufacturing plant? Who are the Suppliers and Manufacturers of Raw materials for setting up Toilet Paper Rolls, Facial Tissue & Paper Napkins Manufacturing plant? What is the Manufacturing Process of Toilet Paper Rolls, Facial Tissue & Paper Napkins?

The art, science, and technology of papermaking addresses the methods, equipment, and materials used to make paper and cardboard, these being used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes and useful products. Today almost all paper is manufactured using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression.

In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved.

Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products.

While monitoring, regulations and action by concerned citizens, as well as improvements within the industry itself are limiting the worst abuses, papermaking continues to be of concern from an environmental perspective, due to its use of harsh chemicals, its need for large amounts of water, and the resulting contamination risks, as well as trees being used as the primary source of wood pulp. Paper made from other fibers, cotton being the most common, tends to be valued higher than wood-based paper.

History[edit]

Hemp paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding since the eighth century BCE.^[1] Paper with legible Chinese writings on it has been dated to 8 BCE.^[2]The traditional inventor attribution is of Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), said to have invented paper about 105 CE using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.^[3] Paper used as a writing medium had become widespread by the 3rd century^[4] and, by the 6th century, toilet paper was starting to be used in China as well.^[5] During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavour of tea,^[1] while the later Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) was the first government to issue paper-printed money.

In the 8th century, papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where the process was refined, and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing. Production began in Samarkand, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, Morocco, and then Muslim Spain.^[6] In Baghdad, papermaking was under the supervision of the Grand VizierJa'far ibn Yahya. Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry.^[7][8] The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century.^[9] The earliest references to paper mills also come from the medieval Islamic world, where they were first noted in the 9th century by Arabic geographers in Damascus.^[10]

Traditional papermaking in Asia uses the inner bark fibers of plants. This fiber is soaked, cooked, rinsed and traditionally hand-beaten to form the paper pulp. The long fibers are layered to form strong, translucent sheets of paper. In Eastern Asia, three traditional fibers are abaca, kozo and gampi. In the Himalayas, paper is made from the lokta plant.^[11] Today, this paper is used for calligraphy, printing, book arts, and three-dimensional work, including origami.

In Europe, papermaking moulds using metallic wire were developed, and features like the watermark were well established by 1300 CE, while hemp and linen rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities.^[11] Papermaking was originally not popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over papyrus and parchment. It wasn't until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type printing and its demand for paper that many paper mills entered production, and papermaking became an industry.^[12][13]

Modern papermaking began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine. This machine produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines are large. Some produce paper 150 meters in length and 10 meters wide. They can produce paper at a rate of 100 km/h. In 1844, CanadianCharles Fenerty and German F.G. Keller had invented the machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in papermaking.^[14] This innovation ended the nearly 2,000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually almost all paper was made out of pulped wood.

Manual papermaking[edit]

Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a dilute suspension of fibres in water, called 'furnish', and forcing this suspension to drain through a screen, to produce a mat of interwoven fibres. Water is removed from this mat of fibres using a press.^[15]

Paper Tube Manufacturing Process Pdf

The method of manual papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can be generalized into five steps:

1. Separating the useful fibre from the rest of raw materials. (e.g. cellulose from wood, cotton, etc.)
2. Beating down the fibre into pulp
3. Adjusting the colour, mechanical, chemical, biological, and other properties of the paper by adding special chemical premixes
4. Screening the resulting solution
5. Pressing and drying to get the actual paper

Screening the fibre involves using a mesh made from non-corroding and inert material, such as brass, stainless steel or a synthetic fibre, which is stretched in a paper mould, a wooden frame similar to that of a window. The size of the paper is governed by the open area of the frame. The mould is then completely submerged in the furnish, then pulled, shaken and drained, forming a uniform coating on the screen. Excess water is then removed, the wet mat of fibre laid on top of a damp cloth or felt in a process called 'couching'. The process is repeated for the required number of sheets. This stack of wet mats is then pressed in a hydraulic press. The fairly damp fibre is then dried using a variety of methods, such as vacuum drying or simply air drying. Sometimes, the individual sheet is rolled to flatten, harden, and refine the surface. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape or the standard shape (A4, letter, legal, etc.) and packed.^[16]

The wooden frame is called a 'deckle'. The deckle leaves the edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy, called 'deckle edges', one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally mechanically imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury. The impressions in paper caused by the wires in the screen that run sideways are called 'laid lines' and the impressions made, usually from top to bottom, by the wires holding the sideways wires together are called 'chain lines'. Watermarks are created by weaving a design into the wires in the mould. Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines.

Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check the quality of the production process. The 'handsheets' made according to TAPPI Standard T 205^[17] are circular sheets 15.9 cm (6.25 in) in diameter and are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of sizing.^[18]

Industrial papermaking[edit]

A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paper machine (Fourdrinier machine) distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry (by gravity or under vacuum), the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls. The outcome often weighs several tons.

Another type of paper machine makes use of a cylinder mould that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire and covers the mould as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mould to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off the mould.^{[citation needed]}

Notable papermakers[edit]

While papermaking was considered a lifework, exclusive profession for most of its history, the term 'notable papermakers' is often not strictly limited to those who actually make paper. Especially in the hand papermaking field there is currently an overlap of certain celebrated paper art practitioners with their other artistic pursuits, while in academia the term may be applied to those conducting research, education, or conservation of books and paper artifacts. Amibroker free download for mac. In the industrial field it tends to overlap with science, technology and engineering, and often with management of the pulp and paper business itself.

Some well known and recognized papermakers have found fame in other fields, to the point that their papermaking background is almost forgotten. One of the most notable examples might be that of the first humans that achieved flight, the Montgolfier brothers, where many accounts barely mention the paper mill their family owned, although paper used in their balloons did play a relevant role in their success, as probably did their familiarity with this light and strong material.

Key inventors include Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.

Paper sizes[edit]

See also[edit]

• Amate, paper made of bark, used in pre-Columbian Central America
• Museums: Williams Paper Museum, Basel Paper Mill
• Papyrus, a precursor to paper used in the Mediterranean world

Notes and references[edit]

1. ^ ^abNeedham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 122.
2. ^'World Archaeological Congress eNewsletter 11 August 2006'(PDF).
3. ^Papermaking. (2007). In: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
4. ^Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 1.
5. ^Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 123.
6. ^Mahdavi, Farid (2003). 'Review: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World by Jonathan M. Bloom'. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT Press. 34 (1): 129–30. doi:10.1162/002219503322645899.
7. ^Loveday, Helen. Islamic paper: a study of the ancient craft. Archetype Publications, 2001.
8. ^Mahdavi, Farid (2003). 'Review: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World by Jonathan M. Bloom'. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT Press. 34 (1): 129–30. doi:10.1162/002219503322645899.
9. ^Lucas, Adam (2006). Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology. Brill Publishers. pp. 65 & 84. ISBN90-04-14649-0.
10. ^Jonathan M. Bloom (February 12, 2010). 'Paper in the Medieval Mediterranean World'(PDF). Early Paper: Techniques and Transmission – A workshop at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Retrieved 2010-03-19.Cite journal requires journal= (help)^{[dead link]}
11. ^ ^ab*Hunter, Dard (1978) [1st. pub. Alfred A. Knopf:1947]. Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN0-486-23619-6.
12. ^'The Atlas of Early Printing'. atlas.lib.uiowa.edu.
13. ^Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 4.
14. ^Burger, Peter. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN978-0-9783318-1-8 pp.25-30
15. ^Rudolf Patt et al. (2005). 'Paper and Pulp'. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
16. ^'Making Paper By Hand'. TAPPI. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-30.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
17. ^'Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp'(PDF). TAPPI. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
18. ^Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN0-12-097360-X.

External links[edit]

• The Harrison Elliott Collection at the Library of Congress has paper specimens, personal papers and research material relating to the history of papermaking

The kraft process (also known as kraft pulping or sulfate process)^[1] is a process for conversion of wood into wood pulp, which consists of almost pure cellulose fibers, the main component of paper. The kraft process entails treatment of wood chips with a hot mixture of water, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfide (Na₂S), known as white liquor, that breaks the bonds that link lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The technology entails several steps, both mechanical and chemical. It is the dominant method for producing paper. In some situations, the process has been controversial because kraft plants can release odorous products and in some situations produce substantial liquid wastes.^[2][3][4]

• 2The process

History[edit]

The kraft process (so called because of the superior strength of the resulting paper, from the German word Kraft for 'strength') was invented by Carl F. Dahl in 1879 in Danzig, Prussia, Germany. U.S. Patent 296,935 was issued in 1884, and a pulp mill using this technology started (in Sweden) in 1890.^[5] The invention of the recovery boiler by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was a milestone in the advancement of the kraft process.^[6] It enabled the recovery and reuse of the inorganic pulping chemicals such that a kraft mill is a nearly closed-cycle process with respect to inorganic chemicals, apart from those used in the bleaching process. For this reason, in the 1940s, the kraft process superseded the sulfite process as the dominant method for producing wood pulp.^[5]

The process[edit]

Impregnation[edit]

Common wood chips used in pulp production are 12–25 millimetres (0.47–0.98 in) long and 2–10 millimetres (0.079–0.394 in) thick. The chips normally first enter the presteaming where they are wetted and preheated with steam. Cavities inside fresh wood chips are partly filled with liquid and partly with air. The steam treatment causes the air to expand and about 25% of the air to be expelled from the chips. The next step is to saturate the chips with black and white liquor. Air remaining in chips at the beginning of liquor impregnation is trapped within the chips. The impregnation can be done before or after the chips enters the digester and is normally done below 100 °C (212 °F). The cooking liquors consist of a mixture of white liquor, water in chips, condensed steam and weak black liquor. In the impregnation, cooking liquor penetrates into the capillary structure of the chips and low temperature chemical reactions with the wood begin. A good impregnation is important to get a homogeneous cook and low rejects. About 40–60% of all alkali consumption in the continuous process occurs in the impregnation zone.

Cooking[edit]

The wood chips are then cooked in pressurized vessels called digesters. Some digesters operate in a batch manner and some in a continuous process. There are several variations of the cooking processes both for the batch and the continuous digesters. Digesters producing 1,000 tonnes or more of pulp per day are common, with the largest producing more than 3,500 tonnes per day.^[7]In a continuous digester, the materials are fed at a rate that allows the pulping reaction to be complete by the time the materials exit the reactor. Typically, delignification requires several hours at 170 to 176 °C (338 to 349 °F). Under these conditions lignin and hemicellulose degrade to give fragments that are soluble in the strongly basic liquid. The solid pulp (about 50% by weight of the dry wood chips) is collected and washed. At this point the pulp is known as brown stock because of its color. The combined liquids, known as black liquor (because of its color), contain lignin fragments, carbohydrates from the breakdown of hemicellulose, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and other inorganic salts.

Book Manufacturing Process Pdf

One of the main chemical reactions that underpin the kraft process is the scission of ether bonds by the nucleophilicsulfide (S²⁻) or bisulfide (HS⁻) ions.^[6]

Recovery process[edit]

The excess black liquor contains about 15% solids and is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator. After the first step the black liquor has about 20–30% solids. At this concentration the rosin soap rises to the surface and is skimmed off. The collected soap is further processed to tall oil. Removal of the soap improves the evaporation operation of the later effects.

The weak black liquor is further evaporated to 65% or even 80% solids ('heavy black liquor'^[8]) and burned in the recovery boiler to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the pulping process. Higher solids in the concentrated black liquor increases the energy and chemical efficiency of the recovery cycle, but also gives higher viscosity and precipitation of solids (plugging and fouling of equipment).^[9][10] During combustion sodium sulfate is reduced to sodium sulfide by the organic carbon in the mixture:

1. Na₂SO₄ + 2 C → Na₂S + 2 CO₂

This reaction is similar to thermochemical sulfate reduction in geochemistry.

The molten salts ('smelt') from the recovery boiler are dissolved in a process water known as 'weak wash'. This process water, also known as 'weak white liquor' is composed of all liquors used to wash lime mud and green liquor precipitates. The resulting solution of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide is known as 'green liquor', although it is not known exactly what causes the liquor to be green. This liquid is mixed with calcium oxide, which becomes calcium hydroxide in solution, to regenerate the white liquor used in the pulping process through an equilibrium reaction (Na₂S is shown since it is part of the green liquor, but does not participate in the reaction):

2. Na₂S + Na₂CO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ ←→ Na₂S + 2 NaOH + CaCO₃

Calcium carbonate precipitates from the white liquor and is recovered and heated in a lime kiln where it is converted to calcium oxide (lime).

3. CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂

Calcium oxide (lime) is reacted with water to regenerate the calcium hydroxide used in Reaction 2:

4. CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂

The combination of reactions 1 through 4 form a closed cycle with respect to sodium, sulfur and calcium and is the main concept of the so-called recausticizing process where sodium carbonate is reacted to regenerate sodium hydroxide.

The recovery boiler also generates high pressure steam which is fed to turbogenerators, reducing the steam pressure for the mill use and generating electricity. A modern kraft pulp mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation and normally will provide a net flow of energy which can be used by an associated paper mill or sold to neighboring industries or communities through to the local electrical grid.^[11] Additionally, bark and wood residues are often burned in a separate power boiler to generate steam.

Although recovery boilers using G.H. Tomlinson's invention have been in general use since the early 1930s attempts have been made to find a more efficient process for the recovery of cooking chemicals. Weyerhaeuser has operated a Chemrec first generation black liquorentrained flow gasifier successfully at its New Bern plant in North Carolina, while a second generation plant is run in pilot scale at Smurfit Kappa's plant in Piteå, Sweden.^[12]

Blowing[edit]

The finished cooked wood chips are blown to a collection tank called a blow tank that operates at atmospheric pressure. This releases a lot of steam and volatiles. The volatiles are condensed and collected; in the case of northern softwoods this consists mainly of raw turpentine.

Screening[edit]

Screening of the pulp after pulping is a process whereby the pulp is separated from large shives, knots, dirt and other debris. The accept is the pulp. The material separated from the pulp is called reject.

The screening section consists of different types of sieves (screens) and centrifugal cleaning. The sieves are normally set up in a multistage cascade operation because considerable amounts of good fibres can go to the reject stream when trying to achieve maximum purity in the accept flow.

The fiber containing shives and knots are separated from the rest of the reject and reprocessed either in a refiner or is sent back to the digester. The content of knots is typically 0.5–3.0% of the digester output, while the shives content is about 0.1–1.0%.

Washing[edit]

The brownstock from the blowing goes to the washing stages where the used cooking liquors are separated from the cellulose fibers. Normally a pulp mill has 3-5 washing stages in series. Washing stages are also placed after oxygen delignification and between the bleaching stages as well. Pulp washers use counter current flow between the stages such that the pulp moves in the opposite direction to the flow of washing waters. Several processes are involved: thickening / dilution, displacement and diffusion. The dilution factor is the measure of the amount of water used in washing compared with the theoretical amount required to displace the liquor from the thickened pulp. Lower dilution factor reduces energy consumption, while higher dilution factor normally gives cleaner pulp. Thorough washing of the pulp reduces the chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Several types of washing equipment are in use:

• Pressure diffusers
• Atmospheric diffusers
• Vacuum drum washers
• Drum displacers
• Wash presses

Bleaching[edit]

Pokemon heart gold game download. In a modern mill, brownstock (cellulose fibers containing approximately 5% residual lignin) produced by the pulping is first washed to remove some of the dissolved organic material and then further delignified by a variety of bleaching stages.^[13]

In the case of a plant designed to produce pulp to make brown sack paper or linerboard for boxes and packaging, the pulp does not always need to be bleached to a high brightness. Bleaching decreases the mass of pulp produced by about 5%, decreases the strength of the fibers and adds to the cost of manufacture.

Pulp Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf

Process chemicals[edit]

Process chemicals are added to improve the production process:

• Impregnation aids. Surfactants may be used to improve impregnation of the wood chips with the cooking liquors.
• Anthraquinone is used as a digester additive. It works as a redoxcatalyst by oxidizing cellulose and reducing lignin. This protects the cellulose from degradation and makes the lignin more water-soluble.^[14]
• An emulsion breaker can be added in the soap separation to speed up and improve the separation of soap from the used cooking liquors by flocculation.^[15]
• Defoamers remove foam and speed up the production process. Drainage of washing equipment is improved and gives cleaner pulp.
• Dispersing agents, detackifiers and complexing agents keep the system cleaner and reduce the need for maintenance stops.
• Fixation agents are fixating finely dispersed potential deposits to the fibers and thereby transporting it out of the process.

Comparison with other pulping processes[edit]

Pulp produced by the kraft process is stronger than that made by other pulping processes and maintaining a high effective sulfur ratio or sulfidity is important for the highest possible strength. Acidic sulfite processes degrade cellulose more than the kraft process, which leads to weaker fibers. Kraft pulping removes most of the lignin present originally in the wood whereas mechanical pulping processes leave most of the lignin in the fibers. The hydrophobic nature of lignin^[16] interferes with the formation of the hydrogen bonds between cellulose (and hemicellulose) in the fibers needed for the strength of paper^[5] (strength refers to tensile strength and resistance to tearing).

Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high quality paper where strength, whiteness and resistance to yellowing are important.

The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes. All types of wood, including very resinous types like southern pine,^[17] and non-wood species like bamboo and kenaf can be used in the kraft process.

Byproducts and emissions[edit]

The main byproducts of kraft pulping are crude sulfate turpentine and tall oil soap. The availability of these is strongly dependent on wood species, growth conditions, storage time of logs and chips, and the mill's process.^[18]Pines are the most extractive rich woods. The raw turpentine is volatile and is distilled off the digester, while the raw soap is separated from the spent black liquor by decantation of the soap layer formed on top of the liquor storage tanks. From pines the average yield of turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp and of crude tall oil is 30–50 kg/t pulp.^[18]

Various byproducts containing hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and other volatile sulfur compounds are the cause of the malodorous air emissions characteristic for pulp mills utilizing the kraft process.^[19] The sulfur dioxide emissions of kraft-pulp mills are much lower than those from sulfite mills. In the ambient air outside a typical modern kraft-pulp mill, the sulfur-dioxide odour is perceivable only during disturbance situations, for example when the mill is shut down for a maintenance break, or when an extended power outage occurs. Control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor. In modern mills, where well-dried solids are burned in the recovery boiler, hardly any sulfur dioxide leaves the boiler. At high boiler temperatures, the sodium released from the black liquor droplets reacts with sulfur dioxide, thereby effectively scavenging it by forming odourless sodium sulfate crystals.

Pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water due to their substantial demand for water. Delignification of chemical pulps releases considerable amounts of organic material into the environment, particularly into rivers or lakes. The wastewater effluent can also be a major source of pollution, containing lignins from the trees, high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with alcohols, chlorates, heavy metals, and chelating agents. The process effluents can be treated in a biological effluent treatment plant, which can substantially reduce their toxicity.^[20][21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Paper Cone Manufacturing Process Pdf

1. ^The process name is derived from German Kraft,[1] meaning 'strength' in this context, due to the strength of the kraft paper produced using this process. Both capitalized and lowercase spelling ('Kraft process' and 'kraft process') appear in the literature, but 'kraft' is most commonly used in the pulp and paper industry.
2. ^Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(6), 257.
3. ^Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., . & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a Canadian case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(12), 766.
4. ^Rudolf Patt et al. 'Paper and Pulp' in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4
5. ^ ^abcBiermann, Christopher J. (1993). Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. ISBN0-12-097360-X.
6. ^ ^abE. Sjöström (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press. ISBN0-12-647480-X.
7. ^Woodman, Jocelyn (1993). 'Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (see p 66)'(PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
8. ^'Equipment to handle heavy black liquor'. Archived from the original on 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
9. ^Hsieh, Jeffery S.; Smith, Jason B. 'Second Critical Solids Black Liquor Scaling'(PDF). Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
10. ^US granted 5527427, Mualla Berksoy & Yaman Boluk, 'High solids black liquor of reduced viscosity and viscosity reduction method for high solids black liquor', issued 1996-06-18, assigned to Optima Specialty Chemicals & Technology Inc
11. ^Jeffries, Tom (March 27, 1997). 'Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production'. University of Wisconsin Biotech Center [2]. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2007-10-21.External link in publisher= (help)
12. ^Chemrec web site
13. ^'Environmental Comparison of Bleached Kraft Pulp ManufacturingTechnologies'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2004-12-18. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
14. ^Goyal, Gopal C. (1997). Anthraquinone Pulping. A TAPPI Press Anthology of Published Papers, 1977-1996. Atlanta: TAPPI Press. ISBN0-89852-340-0.
15. ^http://wcm.paprican.ca/wcmpaprican/publishing.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/BO_Tall_Oil_Soap_PDF_Eng/$FILE/0225-E-TallOilSoapRecovery.pdf
16. ^Hubbe, Martin a.; Lucian A. Lucia (2007). 'The 'Love-Hate' Relationship Present in Lignocellulosic Materials'. BioResources. 2 (4): 534–535. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
17. ^'The Southern Pines'(PDF). US Department of Agriculture. 1985. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
18. ^ ^abStenius, Per, ed. (2000). '2'. Forest Products Chemistry. Papermaking Science and Technology. 3. Helsinki, Finland: Fapet OY. pp. 73–76. ISBN952-5216-03-9..
19. ^Hoffman, E., Guernsey, J. R., Walker, T. R., Kim, J. S., Sherren, K., & Andreou, P. (2017). Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(25), 20685-20698.
20. ^Hoffman, E., Bernier, M., Blotnicky, B., Golden, P. G., Janes, J., Kader, A., . & Walker, T. R. (2015). Assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility: a Canadian case study. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(12), 766.
21. ^Hoffman, E., Lyons, J., Boxall, J., Robertson, C., Lake, C. B., & Walker, T. R. (2017). Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal (loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(6), 257.

Tnpl Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf

Further reading[edit]

Toilet Paper Manufacturing Process Pdf

• Gullichsen, Johan; Carl-Johan Fogelholm (2000). Papermaking science and Technology: 6. Chemical Pulping. Finland: Tappi Press. ISBN952-5216-06-3.

External links[edit]